Rabu, 29 Januari 2014

Kutipan

Kutipan, sebuah kata yang mungkin semua orang belum mengetahui maksudnya apa. Disini saya akan mengulas sedikit mengenai kutipan. Kutipan adalah gagasan, ide, pendapat yang diambil dari berbagai sumber. Proses pengambilan gagasan itu disebut mengutip. Gagasan itu bisa diambil dari kamus, ensiklopedi, artikel, laporan, buku, majalah, internet, dan lain sebagainya.

Tujuan

Dalam tulisan ilmiah, baik berupa artikel, karya tulis, skripsi, tesis, dan disertasi selalu terdapat kutipan. Kutipan adalah pengokohan argumentasi dalam sebuah karangan. Seorang penulis tidak perlu membuang waktu untuk menyelidiki suatu hal yang sudah dibuktikan kebenarannya oleh penulis lain, penulis cukup mengutip karya orang lain tersebut. Dengan demikian kutipan memiliki fungsi sebagai:
a. landasan teori
b. penguat pendapat penulis
c. penjelasan suatu uraian
d. bahan bukti untuk menunjang pendapat itu

Berdasarkan fungsi di atas seorang penulis harus memperhatikan hal-hal berikut:
1) penulis mempertimbangkan bahwa kutipan itu perlu
2) penulis bertanggung jawab penuh terhadap ketepatan dan ketelitian kutipan
3) kutipan dapat terkait dengan penemuan teori
4) jangan terlalu banyak mempergunakan kutipan langsung
5) penulis mempertimbangkan jenis kutipan, kutipan langsung atau kutipan tak langsung
6) perhatikan teknik penulisan kutipan dan kaitannya dengan sumber rujukan

Fungsi Kutipan

Kutipan memiliki fungsi tersendiri. Fungsi dari kutipan adalah sebagai berikut :
1) Menunjukkan kualitas ilmih yang lebih tinggi.
2) Menunjukkan kecermatan yang lebih akurat.
3) Memudahkan penilaian penggunaan sumber dana.
4) Memudahkan pembedaan data pustaka dan ketergantungan tambahan.
5) Mencegah pengulangan penulisan data pustaka.
6) Meningkatkan estetika penulisan.
7) Memudahkan peninjauan kembali penggunaan referensi, dan memudahkan penyuntingan naskah yang  terkait dengan data pustaka.

Jenis Kutipan


a. Kutipan langsung:
Kutipan Langsung ialah kutipan yang sama persis dengan teks aslinya,tidak boleh ada perubahan.Kalau ada hal yang dinilai salah/meragukan,kita beri tanda ( sic! ),yang artinya kita sekedar mengutip sesuai dengan aslinya dan tidak bertanggung jawab atas kesalahan itu.Demikian juga kalau kita menyesuaikan ejaan,memberi huruf kapital,garis bawah,atau huruf miring,kita perlu menjelaskan hal tersebut, missal [ huruf miring dari pengutip ],[ ejaan disesuaikan dengan EYD ],dll. Bila dalam kutipan terdapat huruf atau kata yang salah lalu dibetulkan oleh pengutip,harus digunakan huruf siku [ ….. ].

Contoh Kutipan Langsung : 
1. Ratnawati (2006:148) menegaskan bahwa “Hasil pemilu 1999 dan pemilu 2004 secara gamblang menunjukkan bahwa PDI-P leading di Kabupaten Bantul.”
2. Menurut Miriam Budiardjo (1992:4-5), dalam pemilu yang menggunakan sistem distrik:
negara dibagi dalam sejumlah besar distrik pemilihan (kecil) yang kira-kira sama jumlah penduduknya. Jumlah penduduk distrik berbeda dari satu negara ke negara lain, misalnya di Inggris  jumlah penduduknya kira-kira 500.000 orang dan India lebih dari 1 juta orang. Karena satu distrik hanya berhak atas satu wakil, maka calon yang memperoleh suara pluralitas (suara terbanyak) dalam distriknya menang.
3. Berkenaan dengan kegiatan pembalakan liar (illegal logging), seorang tokoh masyarakat mengatakan bahwa ”kegiatan illegal logging di wilayah ini sudah sangat parah, dan upaya untuk membasminya seperti menegakkan benang basah” (Suparlan, wawancara, 21 Juli 2007).


b. Kutipan tidak langsung ( Kutipan Isi )
Dalam kutipan tidak langsung kita hanya mengambil intisari pendapat yang kita kutip.Kutipan tidak langsung ditulis menyatu dengan teks yang kita buat dan tidak usah diapit tanda petik.Penyebutan sumber dapat dengan sistem catatan kaki,dapat juga dengan sistem catatan langsung ( catatan perut ) seperti telah dicontohkan.

Contoh Kutipan Tidak Langsung : 
1. Gelombang demokratisasi yang ada di dunia ini bisa dibagi menjadi tiga periode, yakni demokratisasi gelombang pertama yang berlangsung antara 1828-1926, demokratisasi gelombang kedua yang terjadi antara 1943-1962, dan demokratisasi gelombang ketiga yang dimulai dari tahun 1974 sampai tahun1990-an (Huntington 1991). Mengingat sekarang masih banyak rejim-rejim otoriter, apakah akan ada gelombang demokratisasi keempat?

2.  Sistem distrik dan sistem proporsional adalah dua jenis sistem pemilihan umum yang paling populer, yang masing-masing sistem ini memiliki variannya sendiri-sendiri. Dalam sistem distrik, jumlah pemenangn yang akan menjadi wakil di parlemen—adalah satu orang, sedangkan dalam sistem proporsional jumlah wakil yang akan mewakili suatu daerah pemilihan adalah beberapa orang sesuai dengan proporsi perolehan suaranya (Budiardjo 1982:4).
3. Sebagaimana terjadi di beberapa negara sedang berkembang, di Indonesia juga ditemukan bahwa bahwa banyak kasus korupsi yang terjadi atas nama pemberantasan korupsi (Kompas, 11 Maret 2008).

Sumber: http://lytasapi.wordpress.com/2010/06/05/pengertian-fungsi-dan-jenis-kutipan/
               http://dittoprasetyo13.blogspot.com/

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